The report comes as Intel has pledged to spend heavily to catch up in manufacturing after years of stumbles with its own manufacturing efforts, as well as to become a foundry for other chip designers. 29-year-old Tower, based in Migdal Haemek, Israel, makes chips for customers that don’t have their own factories, at multiple factories in Israel, Italy and the U.S. Tower’s capabilities focus on older, trailing-edge process technology, parts measuring from 0.8-micron transistor sizes down to 45 nanometer, larger circuits than the cutting edge of 3 nanometers for modern microprocessors. Tower competes with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, a foundry that Intel is using for some of its own manufacturing. Write the authors,